Abstract
Whereas the anti-neoplastic activity of extremely low frequency magnetic fields (ELF-EMF) is well-documented in literature, little is known about its underlying anti-cancer mechanisms and induced types of cell death. Here, for the first time, we reported induction of necroptosis, a specific type of programed necrotic cell death, in MC4-L2 breast cancer cell lines following a 2 h/day exposure to a 100 Hz, 1 mT ELF-EMF for five days. For in vivo assessment, inbred BALB/c mice bearing established MC-4L2 tumors were exposed to 100 mT, 1 Hz ELF-EMF 2 h daily for a period of 28-day, following which tumors were dissected and fixed for evaluation of tumor biomarkers expression and types of cell death induced using TUNEL assay, Immunohistochemistry and H&E staining. Peripheral blood samples were also collected for assessing pro-inflammatory cytokine profile following exposure. An exaggerated proinflammatory response evident form enhancement of IFN-γ (4.8 ± 0.24 folds) and TNF-α (3.1 ± 0.19 folds) and number of tumors infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), specially CD8+ Th cells (~20 folds), proposed occurrence of necroptosis in vivo. Meanwhile, exposure could effectively suppress tumor growth and expression of Ki-67, CD31, VEGFR2 and MMP-9. In vitro studies on ELF-EMF exposed MC-4L2 cells demonstrated a meaningful increase in phosphorylation of RIPK1/RIPK3/MLKL proteins and cleavage of caspase-9/caspase-3, confirming occurrence of both necroptosis and apoptosis. Complementary in vitro studies by treating ELF-EMF exposed MC-4L2 cells with verapamil (a calcium channel inhibitor), N-acetyl cysteine (a ROS scavenger) or calcium chloride confirmed the role of elevated intracellular calcium and ROS levels in ELF-EMF induced necroptosis.