Abstract
BACKGROUND: Pursed-lips breathing (PLB) is a technique to attenuate small airway collapse by regulating the expiratory flow. During mandatory ventilation, flow-controlled expiration (FLEX), which mimics the expiratory flow course of PLB utilizing a digital system for measurement and control, was shown to exert lung protective effects. However, PLB requires a patient's participation and coordinated muscular effort and FLEX requires a complex technical setup. Here, we present an adjustable flow regulator to mimic PLB and FLEX, respectively, without the need of a patient's participation, or a complex technical device. METHODS: Our study consisted of two parts: First, in a lung model which was ventilated with standard settings (tidal volume 500 ml, respiratory rate 12 min(-1), positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) 5 cmH(2)O), the possible reduction of the maximal expiratory flow by utilizing the flow regulator was assessed. Second, with spontaneously breathing healthy volunteers, the short-term effects of medium and strong expiratory flow reduction on airway pressure, the change of end-expiratory lung volume (EELV), and breathing discomfort was investigated. RESULTS: In the lung model experiments, expiratory flow could be reduced from - 899 ± 9 ml·s(-1) down to - 328 ± 25 ml·s(-1). Thereby, inspiratory variables and PEEP were unaffected. In the volunteers, the maximal expiratory flow of - 574 ± 131 ml·s(-1) under baseline conditions was reduced to - 395 ± 71 ml·s(-1) for medium flow regulation and to - 266 ± 58 ml·s(-1) for strong flow regulation, respectively (p < 0.001). Accordingly, mean airway pressure increased from 0.6 ± 0.1 cmH(2)O to 2.9 ± 0.4 cmH(2)O with medium flow regulation and to 5.4 ± 2.4 cmH(2)O with strong flow regulation, respectively (p < 0.001). The EELV increased from baseline by 31 ± 458 ml for medium flow regulation and 320 ± 681 ml for strong flow regulation (p = 0.033). The participants rated breathing with the flow regulator as moderately uncomfortable, but none rated breathing with the flow regulator as intolerable. CONCLUSIONS: The flow regulator represents an adjustable device for application of a self-regulated expiratory resistive load, representing an alternative for PLB and FLEX. Future applications in spontaneously breathing patients and patients with mandatory ventilation alike may reveal potential benefits. TRIAL REGISTRATION: DRKS00015296, registered on 20th August, 2018; URL: https://www.drks.de/drks_web/setLocale_EN.do .