Abstract
The Mayaro virus (MAYV) is a significant reemerging arbovirus of public health concern, responsible for outbreaks in several countries including Brazil. In this study, 857 samples of patients with acute fever in the state of Rondônia, Brazil, were analyzed by reverse transcriptase qualitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) to detect Zika, dengue, and chikungunya viruses. The mean age of the population was 38 years (SD = 17.46). Negative samples were subjected to duplex RT-qPCR to detect MAYV and Oropouche virus. One MAYV-positive sample with a negative result for all other viruses tested was identified and subsequently sequenced using the automated Sanger method and, through phylogenetic analysis, was characterized as belonging to genotype D, making it the first case of Mayaro in humans isolated in Rondônia. The symptoms reported by the positive patient were fever, vomiting, back pain, nausea, severe arthralgia, and retro-orbital pain. The study reinforces the need for differential diagnosis for Mayaro in the laboratory routine and the importance of genomic surveillance of this virus, mainly due to the similarity of symptoms with other arboviruses, which makes this screening difficult.