Abstract
Factor XIIa (FXIIa) is a plasma serine protease within the contact activation pathway. Inhibiting FXIIa could offer a viable therapeutic approach for achieving effective and safer anticoagulation without the bleeding risks that accompany the use of existing anticoagulants. Therefore, we investigated the anticoagulant properties of an amidine-containing molecule (inhibitor 1) to identify a potential lead molecule for subsequent development of FXIIa inhibitors. Results indicated that inhibitor 1 primarily inhibits human FXIIa with an IC(50) value of ~30 µM. The inhibitor demonstrated variable selectivity against thrombin, factor IXa, factor Xa, factor XIa, and activated protein C. Michaelis-Menten kinetics indicated that the molecule is an active site inhibitor of FXIIa. Molecular modeling studies revealed that the molecule recognizes residues His57, Asp189, and Ala190 in FXIIa's active site. The inhibitor selectively and concentration-dependently prolonged the clotting time of human plasma under activated partial thromboplastin time assay conditions. The inhibitor did not exhibit significant cytotoxicity in human HEK293 cells and the in silico pharmacokinetics and toxicology data were comparable to known anticoagulants. This study introduces inhibitor 1 as a lead platform for further development as an anticoagulant to provide a more effective and safer approach to preventing and treating thromboembolic diseases.