Abstract
Background With a clinical pharmacists' participation in an intensive care unit (ICU) previous international studies have shown a reduction of medication errors, drug costs and improvements of clinical outcomes. Still there is a lack of qualitative data on clinical pharmacists' impact on prescribing error rates in the ICU. Therefore, a new approach was developed relating prescribing errors to the number of monitored medications including physicians' approval on all prescribing errors. Objective This study investigates the influence of clinical pharmacists' medication review on the prescribing error rate in an ICU. Setting A controlled interventional study was conducted in a surgical ICU with one control phase (P0) and two intervention phases (P1 and P2). Method The investigation aimed to determine if the medication review by clinical pharmacists results in a significant reduction of prescribing errors related to a control period. In contrast to previous studies, prescribing errors detected by the clinical pharmacists, were only taken into account, if consent with the physicians was achieved. Secondary outcomes were the reduction of potentially severe prescribing errors, the number of days without systemic anti-infective therapy and the ICU length of stay. Throughout P0 the data was collected retrospectively without any intervention. During the intervention periods P1 and P2, two clinical pharmacists screened the medical records for prescribing errors and discussed them with the senior physician in charge. During P2 one clinical pharmacist attended ward rounds additionally. Main Outcome Measure The main outcome measure of this study was the number of prescribing errors detected related to the number of monitored medications. Results The incidence of prescribing errors was significantly reduced from 1660 in P0 to 622 in P1 respectively 401 in P2 (P0 vs. P1/P2 respectively; both p < 0.001; Fisher's Exact Test) in total, respective 14.12% in P0 vs. 5.13% in P1 and 3.25% in P2 related to the monitored medications (P0:11755; P1:12134; P2:12329). Conclusion Clinical pharmacists' interventions led to a significant reduction of prescribing errors in the ICU, contributing to a safer medication process. We strongly recommend a broad implementation of clinical pharmacists in ICUs.