Abstract
Over 170 types of chemical modifications have been identified in cellular RNAs across the three domains of life. Modified RNA is eventually degraded to constituent nucleosides, and in mammals, modified nucleosides are released into the extracellular space. By contrast, the fate of modified nucleosides in bacteria remains unknown. In this study, we performed liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy (LC-MS) analysis of modified nucleosides from the RNA of 23 pathogenic bacteria, revealing 2-methyladenosine (m(2)A) as a common bacteria-specific modified nucleoside detected in all bacterial RNAs. Under normal culture conditions, bacteria did not actively release most modified nucleoside species, but robustly released nucleosides, including m(2)A, following addition of antibiotics or immune cells. These results indicate that m(2)A is released following bacterial lysis. Intraperitoneal injection of mice with m(2)A increased detectable levels of m(2)A in the urine, indicating that mammals can effectively excrete m(2)A. Additionally, mice infected with wild-type E. coli showed higher levels of m(2)A in their urine than mice infected by m(2)A-deficient rlmN KO E. coli. This suggests that m(2)A from the infected bacteria is excreted in the urine. Lastly, clinical studies using urine samples from febrile patients revealed significantly elevated levels of m(2)A during bacterial infections, and these values did not correlate with inflammation severity markers, such as white blood count (WBC) and C-reactive protein (CRP). This study reports the mammalian metabolism of modified nucleosides derived from bacterial RNA, and the elevation of urinary m(2)A in patients with bacterial infections. IMPORTANCE: This study reveals the differences in the fate and release of modified nucleosides in bacteria and mammals. Additionally, our study highlights that external bacteria-damaging factors, such as antibiotics and phagocytosis by host immune cells, promote the release of bacteria-specific modified nucleosides. Furthermore, we found that m(2)A was elevated in the urine from animal models of bacterial infection and the urine of patients with bacterial infections. Collectively, this work spans basic biology and clinical science, offering valuable insights into the fate of modified nucleosides in bacterial systems and their relevance to infectious diseases.