Abstract
Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) is a promising technology for next-generation energy storage. However, their performance is limited at low temperatures due to the inferior bulk and interfacial resistance of current electrolytes. Here we present a systematic study to evaluate carboxylate ester-based electrolytes for SIB applications, due to their favorable properties (i.e., low melting point, low viscosity and high dielectric constant). The effects of salt, concentration and solvent molecular structure were systematically examined and compared with those of carbonate-based electrolytes. By combining electrochemical tests with spectroscopic characterization, the performance of selective carboxylate ester-based electrolytes in hard carbon/Na and Na(3)V(2)(PO(4))(3)/Na half-cells was evaluated. We found carboxylates enable high electrolyte conductivities, especially at low temperatures. However, carboxylates alone are inadequate to form a stable interphase due to their high reactivity, which can be addressed by choosing a suitable anion and facilitating anion-rich Na(+) solvation by increasing salt concentration. Fundamental knowledge on the chemistry-property-performance correlation of this new family of electrolytes was obtained, and their benefits and pitfalls were thoroughly discussed. These discoveries and knowledge will shed light on the potential of carboxylate ester-based electrolytes and provide the foundation for further electrolyte engineering.