Abstract
Dithienylethenes are a type of diarylethene and they constitute one of the most widely studied classes of photoswitch, yet there have been no systematic studies of how electron-donor or -acceptor substituents affect their properties. Here we report eight dithienylethenes bearing push-push, pull-pull and push-pull substitution patterns with different lengths of conjugation in the backbone and investigate their photophysical and photochemical properties. Donor-acceptor interactions in the closed forms of push-pull dithienylethenes shift their absorption spectra into the near-infrared region (λ(max) ≈ 800 nm). The push-pull systems also exhibit low quantum yields for photochemical electrocyclization, and computational studies indicate that this can be attributed to stabilization of the parallel, rather than anti-parallel, conformations. The pull-pull systems have the highest quantum yields for switching in both directions, ring-closure and ring-opening. The chloride salt of a pull-pull DTE, with alkynes on both arms, is the first water-soluble dithienylethene that can achieve >95% photostationary state distribution in both directions with visible light. It has excellent fatigue resistance: in aqueous solution on irradiation at 365 nm, the photochemical quantum yields for switching and decomposition are 0.15 and 2.6 × 10(-5) respectively, i.e. decomposition is more than 5000 times slower than photoswitching. These properties make it a promising candidate for biological applications such as super-resolution microscopy and photopharmacology.