Abstract
Neutrophils are an essential cellular component of innate immunity and control bacterial infections through a combination of intracellular and extracellular killing methods. Although the importance of neutrophils has been established, the exact methods used to handle particular bacterial challenges and the efficiency of bacterial killing remain not well understood. In this study, we addressed how neutrophils eliminate Streptococcus pneumoniae (Spn), a leading cause of community acquired and post-influenza bacterial pneumonia. We analyzed killing methods with variable bacterial:neutrophil concentrations and following priming with PAM3CSK4 (P3CSK), an agonist for Toll-like-receptor 2 (TLR2). Our results show that murine neutrophils display surprisingly weak bactericidal activity against Spn, employing a predominantly extracellular mode of killing at lower concentrations of bacteria, whereas challenges with higher bacterial numbers induce both extracellular and intracellular elimination modes but require TLR2 activation. TLR2 activation increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) and neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation in response to Spn. Despite this, supernatants from P3CSK-stimulated neutrophils failed to independently alter bacterial replication. Our study reveals that unstimulated neutrophils are capable of eliminating bacteria only at lower concentrations via extracellular killing methods, whereas TLR2 activation primes neutrophil-mediated killing using both intracellular and extracellular methods under higher bacterial burdens.