Abstract
Hydration is ubiquitous in any kind of water-substance interaction such as in various interfacial and biological processes. Despite substantial progress made to date, however, still less explored is the hydration behavior on complex heterogeneous surfaces, such as the water surrounding the protein, which requires a platform that enables systematic investigation at the atomic scale. Here, we realized a heterogeneous self-assembled monolayer system that allows both controllable mixing with hydrophobic or hydrophilic groups and precise distance control of the functional carboxyl groups from the surface by methylene spacer groups. Using surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), we first demonstrated the hydrophobic (or hydrophilic) mixing ratio-dependent pK (a) variation of the carboxyl group. Interestingly, we observed a counterintuitive, non-monotonic behavior that a fractionally mixed hydrophobic group can induce significant enhancement of dielectric strength of the interfacial water. In particular, such a fractional mixing substantially decreases the amide coupling efficiency at the surface, as manifested by the corresponding pK (a) decrease. The SERS-based platform we demonstrated can be widely applied for atomically precise control and molecular-level characterization of hydration water on various heterogeneous surfaces of biological and industrial importance.