Abstract
INTRODUCTION: We conducted a phase Ib study (NCT02345824) to determine whether ribociclib, an inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinases 4 and 6 (CDK4/6), penetrates tumor tissue and modulates downstream signaling pathways including retinoblastoma protein (Rb) in patients with recurrent glioblastoma (GBM). METHODS: Study participants received ribociclib (600 mg QD) for 8-21 days before surgical resection of their recurrent GBM. Total and unbound concentrations of ribociclib were measured in samples of tumor tissue, plasma, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). We analyzed tumor specimens obtained from the first (initial/pre-study) and second (recurrent/on-study) surgery by immunohistochemistry for Rb status and downstream signaling of CDK4/6 inhibition. Participants with Rb-positive recurrent tumors continued ribociclib treatment on a 21-day-on, 7-day-off schedule after surgery, and were monitored for toxicity and disease progression. RESULTS: Three participants with recurrent Rb-positive GBM participated in this study. Mean unbound (pharmacologically active) ribociclib concentrations in plasma, CSF, MRI-enhancing, MRI-non-enhancing, and tumor core regions were 0.337 μM, 0.632 μM, 1.242 nmol/g, 0.484 nmol/g, and 1.526 nmol/g, respectively, which exceeded the in vitro IC(50) (0.04 μM) for inhibition of CDK4/6 in cell-free assay. Modulation of pharmacodynamic markers of ribociclib CDK 4/6 inhibition in tumor tissues were inconsistent between study participants. No participants experienced serious adverse events, but all experienced early disease progression. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that ribociclib penetrated recurrent GBM tissue at concentrations predicted to be therapeutically beneficial. Our study was unable to demonstrate tumor pharmacodynamic correlates of drug activity. Although well tolerated, ribociclib monotherapy seemed ineffective for the treatment of recurrent GBM.