Abstract
Common cancer treatments include radiation therapy, chemotherapy including molecular targeted drugs and anticancer drugs, and surgical treatment. Recent studies have focused on investigating the mechanisms by which immune cells attack cancer cells and produce immune tolerance-suppressing cytokines, as well as on their potential application in cancer immunotherapy. We conducted expression profiling of CD274 (PD-L1), GATA3, IFNG, IL12R, IL12RB2, IL4, PDCD1 (PD-1), PDCD1LG2 (PD-L2), and TBX21 (T-bet) using data of 158 glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) patients with clinical information available at The Cancer Genome Atlas. Principal component analysis of the expression profiling data was used to derive an equation for evaluating the status of Th1 and Th2 cells. GBM specimens were divided based on the median of the Th scores. The results revealed that Th1(High)Th2(Low) and Th1(Low)Th2(Low) statuses indicated better prognosis than Th1(High)Th2(High), and were evaluated based on the downregulation of PD-L1, PD-L2, and PD-1. Furthermore, Th2(Low) divided based on the threshold, as well as CD274(Low) and PDCD1(Low), were associated with good prognosis. In the Th2(Low) subgroup, 14 genes were identified as potential prognostic markers. Of these, SLC11A1(Low), TNFRSF1B(Low), and LTBR(Low) also indicated good prognosis. These results suggest that low Th2 balance and low activity of the PD-L1/PD-1 axis predict good prognosis in GBM. The set of genes identified in the present study could reliably predict survival in GBM patients and serve as useful molecular markers. Furthermore, this set of genes could prove to be novel targets for cancer immunotherapy.