Abstract
The gold standard for the treatment of peripheral nerve injuries, the autograft, presents several drawbacks, and engineered constructs are currently suitable only for short gaps or small diameter nerves. Here, we study a novel tissue-engineered multimodular nerve guidance conduit for the treatment of large nerve damages based in a polylactic acid (PLA) microfibrillar structure inserted inside several co-linear hyaluronic acid (HA) conduits. The highly aligned PLA microfibers provide a topographical cue that guides axonal growth, and the HA conduits play the role of an epineurium and retain the pre-seeded auxiliary cells. The multimodular design increases the flexibility of the device. Its performance for the regeneration of a critical-size (15 mm) rabbit sciatic nerve defect was studied and, after six months, very good nerve regeneration was observed. The multimodular approach contributed to a better vascularization through the micrometrical gaps between HA conduits, and the pre-seeded Schwann cells increased axonal growth. Six months after surgery, a cross-sectional available area occupied by myelinated nerve fibers above 65% at the central and distal portions was obtained when the multimodular device with pre-seeded Schwann cells was employed. The results validate the multi-module approach for the regeneration of large nerve defects and open new possibilities for surgical solutions in this field.