Abstract
Ziram, one of the dithiocarbamate fungicides, is widely applied to agriculture because this agent protects various crops from fungal infections. Risks of dithiocarbamate biocide use are of concern. It was previously reported that Ziram increased the intracellular concentration of Zn(2+). Therefore, we cytometrically studied the mechanism of Zn(2+)-dependent lethal actions of Ziram on rat lymphocytes at environmentally relevant Zn(2+) levels. Membrane and cellular parameters of rat lymphocytes were estimated by flow-cytometric techniques with appropriate fluorescent probes. The Ziram-induced increase in cell lethality was completely attenuated by Zn(2+) chelators. A significant increase of cell lethality was found on the simultaneous application of Ziram at a sublethal concentration and ZnCl(2). The combination of Ziram and ZnCl(2) increased the cellular superoxide anion content and decreased the cellular GSH content, which possibly caused the increase in cell lethality. The zinc concentrations under the present experimental conditions were comparable to the environmentally relevant concentrations found in rivers. Therefore, the environmental level of zinc may be critical in estimating the toxicity of Ziram to wild animals.