Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Asian-Americans have been documented to have low human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine initiation and completion. No research has attempted to examine underlying mechanisms of HPV vaccine uptake disparities among Asian-Americans. Using the P3 (practice, provider, and patient) model, this study aimed to identify practice-, provider-, and patient-level determinants of Asian-Americans' HPV vaccine intention and uptake. METHODS: We conducted a systematic review of published literature regarding practice-, provider- and patient-level determinants of vaccine intention (e.g., intention, willingness, or acceptability) and uptake (e.g., initiation or completion). Eligible studies were those presenting empirical/original data, focusing on Asian populations in the U.S., including outcomes related to HPV vaccine intention and uptake, and analyzing data on factors associated with these outcomes separately for Asian groups. RESULTS: Twenty-six studies (19 quantitative and 7 qualitative studies) were included in the review. Most commonly studied subgroups were Koreans (n = 9), Chinese (n = 6), and Cambodians (n = 5). Studies showed varied prevalence across subgroups (intention: 23.4%-72%; initiation: 14%-67%; completion: 9%-63%). Only 3 studies included measurements of practice-level determinants (language services, insurance policy). Twelve studies measured provider-level determinants (most commonly documented: HPV vaccine recommendation). All studies measured patient-level determinants (most commonly documented: HPV and HPV vaccine knowledge, perceived safety, perceived susceptibility, and perceived relationship between HPV vaccine and sexual activity). CONCLUSIONS: Existing research on determinants of HPV vaccine intention and uptake among Asian-Americans currently lacks measurements of practice-level constructs and perspectives of clinic staff and providers, which are needed to guide system-level interventions and provider training. Data regarding patient-level determinants suggest that interventions for Asian-American populations can focus on providing educational information in culturally-appropriate manners, leveraging familial influences, and attending to access-related or cultural beliefs about HPV vaccine. Interventions should take into account varied vaccine intention and uptake prevalence in different Asian subgroups.