Abstract
BACKGROUND: Riboflavin is a precursor of FMN and FAD which act as coenzymes of numerous enzymes. Riboflavin is an important biotechnological commodity with annual market sales exceeding nine billion US dollars. It is used primarily as a component of feed premixes, a food colorant, a component of multivitamin mixtures and medicines. Currently, industrial riboflavin production uses the bacterium, Bacillus subtilis, and the filamentous fungus, Ashbya gossypii, and utilizes glucose and/or oils as carbon substrates. RESULTS: We studied riboflavin biosynthesis in the flavinogenic yeast Candida famata that is a genetically stable riboflavin overproducer. Here it was found that the wild type C. famata is characterized by robust growth on lactose and cheese whey and the engineered strains also overproduce riboflavin on whey. The riboflavin synthesis on whey was close to that obtained on glucose. To further enhance riboflavin production on whey, the gene of the transcription activator SEF1 was expressed under control of the lactose-induced promoter of the native β-galactosidase gene LAC4. These transformants produced elevated amounts of riboflavin on lactose and especially on whey. The strain with additional overexpression of gene RIB6 involved in conversion of ribulose-5-phosphate to riboflavin precursor had the highest titer of accumulated riboflavin in flasks during cultivation on whey. Activation of riboflavin synthesis was also obtained after overexpression of the GND1 gene that is involved in the synthesis of the riboflavin precursor ribulose-5-phosphate. The best engineered strains accumulated 2.5 g of riboflavin/L on whey supplemented only with (NH(4))(2)SO(4) during batch cultivation in bioreactor with high yield (more than 300 mg/g dry cell weight). The use of concentrated whey inhibited growth of wild-type and engineered strains of C. famata, so the mutants tolerant to concentrated whey were isolated. CONCLUSIONS: Our data show that the waste of dairy industry is a promising substrate for riboflavin production by C. famata. Possibilities for using the engineered strains of C. famata to produce high-value commodity (riboflavin) from whey are discussed.