Abstract
Mitochondria are quantitatively the most important sources of reactive oxygen species (ROS) which are formed as by-products during cellular respiration. ROS generation occurs when single electrons are transferred to molecular oxygen. This leads to a number of different ROS types, among them superoxide. Although most studies focus on ROS generation in the mitochondrial matrix, the intermembrane space (IMS) is also important in this regard. The main scavengers for the detoxification of superoxide in the IMS are Cu, Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD1) and cytochrome-c. Similar to ROS, certain reactive carbonyl species are known for their high reactivity. The consequences are deleterious modifications to essential components compromising cellular functions and contributing to the etiology of severe pathological conditions like cancer, diabetes and neurodegeneration. In this study, we investigated the susceptibility of SOD1 and cytochrome-c to in vitro glycation by the dicarbonyl methylglyoxal (MGO) and the resulting effects on their structure. We utilized experimental techniques like immunodetection of the MGO-mediated modification 5-hydro-5-methylimidazolone, differential scanning calorimetry, fluorescence emission and circular dichroism measurements. We found that glycation of cytochrome-c leads to monomer aggregation, an altered secondary structure (increase in alpha helical content) and slightly more compact folding. In addition to structural changes, glycated cytochrome-c displays an altered thermal unfolding behavior. Subjecting SOD1 to MGO does not influence its secondary structure. However, similar to cytochrome-c, subunit aggregation is observed under denaturating conditions. Furthermore, the appearance of a second peak in the calorimetry diagram indirectly suggests de-metallation of SOD1 when high MGO levels are used. In conclusion, our data demonstrate that MGO has the potential to alter several structural parameters in important proteins of energy metabolism (cytochrome-c) and antioxidant defense (cytochrome-c, SOD1).