Abstract
Oral contraceptive pills, of all types, are used by approximately 151 million women worldwide; however, a clear understanding of the concentrations of endogenous and exogenous hormones across a 28-day combination monophasic oral contraceptive pill pack is not well described. In our study of 14 female participants taking various combination monophasic oral contraceptive pills, we found significant fluctuations in endogenous and exogenous hormone levels throughout the pill cycle. Our analysis revealed significantly greater levels of ethinyl estradiol on the 20th and 21st days of active pill ingestion, compared with days 1-2 (active) and days 27-28 (inactive pill ingestion). Conversely, estradiol concentrations decreased during active pill consumption, while progestin and progesterone levels remained stable. During the 7 days of inactive pill ingestion, estradiol levels rose sharply and were significantly higher at days 27-28 compared with the mid and late active phase time points, while ethinyl estradiol declined and progestin did not change. These findings challenge the previous assumption that endogenous and exogenous hormones are stable throughout the 28-day pill cycle.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The results from this study have wide-ranging implications for research and treatment in women's health including considerations in research design and interpretation for studies including women taking oral contraceptives, the potential for more precise and personalized methods of dosing to reduce unwanted side effects and adverse events, and the potential treatment of a variety of disorders ranging from musculoskeletal to neurological with exogenous hormones.