Abstract
The transition from short-term to long-term forms of synaptic plasticity requires protein synthesis and new gene expression. Most efforts to understand experience-induced changes in neuronal gene expression have focused on the transcription products of RNA polymerase II-primarily mRNAs and the proteins they encode. We recently showed that nucleolar integrity and activity-dependent ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis are essential for the maintenance of hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP). Consequently, the synaptic plasticity and memory hypothesis predicts that nucleolar integrity and activity dependent rRNA synthesis would be required for Long-term memory (LTM). We tested this prediction using the hippocampus-dependent, Active Place Avoidance (APA) spatial memory task and found that training induces de novo rRNA synthesis in mouse dorsal hippocampus. This learning-induced increase in nucleolar activity and rRNA synthesis persists at least 24 h after training. In addition, intra-hippocampal injection of the Pol I specific inhibitor, CX-5461 prior to training, revealed that de novo rRNA synthesis is required for 24 h memory, but not for learning. Using qPCR to assess activity-dependent changes in gene expression, we found that of seven known rRNA expression variants (v-rRNAs), only one, v-rRNA IV, is significantly upregulated right after training. These data indicate that learning induced v-rRNAs are crucial for LTM, and constitute the first evidence that differential rRNA gene expression plays a role in memory.