Abstract
What is the neural substrate of our capability to properly react to changes in the environment? It can be hypothesized that the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) manages repetitive stimuli in routine conditions and alerts the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (PFC) when stimulation unexpectedly changes. To provide evidence in favor of this hypothesis, intracerebral stereoelectroencephalographic (SEEG) data were recorded from the anterior cingulate and dorsolateral PFC of eight epileptic patients in a standard visual oddball task during presurgical monitoring. Two types of stimuli (200 ms duration) such as the letters O (frequent stimuli; 80% of probability) and X (rare stimuli) were presented in random order, with an interstimulus interval between 2 and 5 s. Subjects had to mentally count the rare (target) stimuli and to press a button with their dominant hand as quickly and accurately as possible. EEG frequency bands of interest were theta (4-8 Hz), alpha (8-12 Hz), beta (14-30 Hz), and gamma (30-45 Hz). The directionality of the information flux within the EEG rhythms was indexed by a directed transfer function (DTF). The results showed that compared with the frequent stimuli, the target stimuli induced a statistically significant increase of DTF values from the anterior cingulate to the dorsolateral PFC at the theta rhythms (P < 0.01). These results provide support to the hypothesis that ACC directly or indirectly affects the oscillatory activity of dorsolateral PFC by a selective frequency code under typical oddball conditions.