Abstract
Excessive osteoclast activity can promote periodontitis-associated bone destruction. The inhibitory mechanisms of Weissella cibaria strains CMU and CMS1 against periodontitis have not yet been fully elucidated. In this study, we aimed to investigate whether heat-killed (HK) W. cibaria CMU and CMS1 or their respective cell-free supernatants (CFSs) inhibit osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption in response to receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL)-treated RAW 264.7 cells. TRAP (tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase) staining and bone resorption assays revealed that both HK bacteria and CFSs significantly suppressed the number of TRAP-positive cells, TRAP activity, and bone pit formation compared to the RANKL-treated control (p < 0.05). HK bacteria dose-dependently inhibited osteoclastogenesis while selectively regulating certain genes in CFSs (p < 0.05). We found that disrupting the direct interaction between HK bacteria and RAW 264.7 cells abolished the inhibitory effect of HK bacteria on the expression of osteoclastogenesis-associated proteins (c-Fos, nuclear factor of activated T cells c1 (NFATc1), and cathepsin K). These results suggest that dead bacteria suppress osteoclast differentiation more effectively than the metabolites and may serve as beneficial agents in preventing periodontitis by inhibiting osteoclast differentiation via direct interaction with cells.