Abstract
Retinoic acid (RA) is a fundamental regulator of cell cycle and cell differentiation. Using a leukemic patient-derived in vitro model of a non-APL AML, we previously found that RA evokes activation of a macromolecular signaling complex, a signalosome, built of numerous MAPK-pathway-related signaling molecules; and this signaling enabled Retinoic-Acid-Response-Elements (RAREs) to regulate gene expression that results in cell differentiation/cell cycle arrest. Toward mechanistic insight into the nature of this novel signaling, we now find that the NUMB cell fate determinant protein is an apparent scaffold for the signalosome. Numb exists in the cell bound to an ensemble of signalosome molecules, including Raf, Lyn, Slp-76, and Vav. Addition of RA induces the expression of Fgr. Fgr binds NUMB, which is associated with (p-tyr)phosphorylation of NUMB and enhanced NUMB-binding and (p-tyr)phosphorylation of select signalosome components, thereby betraying signalosome activation. Signalosome activation is associated with cell differentiation along the myeloid lineage and G1/0 cell cycle arrest. If RA-induced Fgr expression is ablated by a CRISPR-KO; then the RA-induced (p-tyr) phosphorylation of NUMB and enhanced NUMB-binding and (p-tyr)phosphorylation of select signalosome components are lost. The cells now fail to undergo RA-induced differentiation or G1/0 arrest. In sum we find that NUMB acts as a scaffold for a signaling machine that functions to propel RA-induced differentiation and G1/0 arrest, and that Fgr binding to NUMB turns the function on. The Numb fate determinant protein thus appears to regulate the retinoic acid embryonic morphogen using the Fgr Src-Family-Kinase. These mechanistic insights suggest therapeutic targets for a hitherto incurable AML.