Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: For accurate pre-operative gastric radiotherapy, intrafractional changes must be taken into account. The aim of this study is to quantify local gastric deformations and compare these deformations with respiratory-induced displacement. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Coronal 2D MRI scans (15-16 min; 120 repetitions of 25-27 interleaved slices) were obtained for 18 healthy volunteers. A deep-learning network was used to auto-segment the stomach. To separate out respiratory-induced displacements, auto-segmentations were rigidly shifted in superior-inferior (SI) direction to align the centre of mass (CoM) within every slice. From these shifted auto-segmentations, 3D iso-probability surfaces (isosurfaces) were established: a reference surface for P(Occ) = 0.50 and 50 other isosurfaces (from P(Occ) = 0.01 to 0.99), with P(Occ) indicating the probability of occupation by the stomach. For each point on the reference surface, distances to all isosurfaces were determined and a cumulative Gaussian was fitted to this probability-distance dataset to obtain a standard deviation (SD(deform) ) expressing local deformation. For each volunteer, we determined median and 98(th) percentile of SD(deform) over the reference surface and compared these with the respiratory-induced displacement SD(resp) , that is, the SD of all CoM shifts (paired Wilcoxon signed-rank, α = 0.05). RESULTS: Larger deformations were mostly seen in the antrum and pyloric region. Median SD(deform) (range, 2.0-2.9 mm) was smaller than SD(resp) (2.7-8.8 mm) for each volunteer (p < 0.00001); 98(th) percentile of SD(deform) (3.2-7.3 mm) did not significantly differ from SD(resp) (p = 0.13). CONCLUSION: Locally, gastric deformations can be large. Overall, however, these deformations are limited compared to respiratory-induced displacement. Therefore, unless respiratory motion is considerably reduced, the need to separately include these deformation uncertainties in the treatment margins may be limited.