Abstract
Estrogen plays fundamental roles in nervous system development and function. Traditional studies examining the effect of estrogen in the brain have focused on the nuclear estrogen receptors (ERs), ERα and ERβ. Studies related to the extranuclear, membrane-bound G-protein-coupled ER (GPER/GPR30) have revealed a neuroprotective role for GPER in mature neurons. In this study, we investigated the differential effects of GPER activation in primary rat embryonic day 18 (E18) hippocampal and cortical neurons. Microscopy imaging, multielectrode array (MEA), and Ca2+ imaging experiments revealed that GPER activation with selective agonist, G-1, and nonselective agonist, 17β-estradiol (E2), increased neural growth, neural firing activity, and intracellular Ca2+ more profoundly in hippocampal neurons than in cortical neurons. The GPER-mediated Ca2+ rise in hippocampal neurons involves internal Ca2+ store release via activation of phospholipase C (PLC) and extracellular entry via Ca2+ channels. Immunocytochemistry results revealed no observable difference in GPER expression/localization in neurons, yet real-time qPCR (RT-qPCR) and Western blotting showed a higher GPER expression in the cortex than hippocampus, implying that GPER expression level may not fully account for its robust physiological effects in hippocampal neurons. We used RNA sequencing data to identify distinctly enriched pathways and significantly expressed genes in response to G-1 or E2 in cultured rat E18 hippocampal and cortical neurons. In summary, the identification of differential effects of GPER activation on hippocampal and cortical neurons in the brain and the determination of key genes and molecular pathways are instrumental toward an understanding of estrogen's action in early neuronal development.