Abstract
As climate changes, understanding the genetic basis of local adaptation in plants becomes an ever more pressing issue. Combining genotype-environment association (GEA) with genotype-phenotype association (GPA) analysis has an exciting potential to uncover the genetic basis of environmental responses. We use these approaches to identify genetic variants linked to local adaptation to drought in Pinus ponderosa. Over 4 million Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified using 223 individuals from across the Sierra Nevada of California. 927,740 (22.3%) SNPs were retained after filtering for proximity to genes and used in our association analyses. We found 1374 associated with five major climate variables, with the largest number (1151) associated with April 1st snowpack. We also conducted a greenhouse study with various drought-tolerance traits measured in first-year seedlings of a subset of the genotyped trees grown in the greenhouse. 796 SNPs were associated with control-condition trait values, while 1149 were associated with responsiveness of these traits to drought. While no individual SNPs were associated with both the environmental variables and the measured traits, several annotated genes were associated with both, particularly those involved in cell wall formation, biotic and abiotic stress responses, and ubiquitination. However, the functions of many of the associated genes have not yet been determined due to the lack of gene annotation information for conifers. Future studies are needed to assess the developmental roles and ecological significance of these unknown genes.