Abstract
BackgroundDistant metastasis (DM) remains the most commonly reported cause of death in patients with urothelial carcinoma of the bladder (UCB).ObjectiveWe aimed to develop a robust prognostic model to assess the risk of DM in patients with UCB.MethodsWe collected clinical data of 206 UCB patients treated with RC. Patients treated with RC between 2011-2015 that were enrolled as the training cohort (n = 105), while the patients between 2016-2019 were enrolled as the validation cohort (n = 101). Univariate and multivariate Cox regression models were used to identify independent risk factors associated with DM. We identified the variables by stepwise regression and established nomogram. We evaluated the nomograms using C-index, calibration and ROC curves. Decision curve analysis was performed to compare the net benefits between the nomogram and TNM staging. We divided the patients into high and low risk groups according to the nomogram and compared the DM between the groups.ResultsThe neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) was an independent predictor of DM. We established nomogram by T-stage, N-stage and NLR. The C-index of the nomogram was 0.766 and 0.739 respectively in the two cohorts. In the training cohort, AUC for the nomogram at 1, 2 and 3 years was 0.816, 0.812 and 0.812, respectively. In the validation cohort, the AUC for the nomogram at 1, 2 and 3 years was 0.751, 0.757 and 0.716, respectively. The calibration curve was satisfactory. The nomogram has a higher clinical benefit compared to the TNM staging system. Kaplan-Meier curves showed that patients from the high-risk group had a higher probability of DM than patients from the low-risk group.ConclusionsNomograms established by NLR, T-stage and N-stage can accurately predict distant metastases in patients with UCB.