Abstract
Cardiovascular factors play a critical role in the progression of diabetic nephropathy (DN). This study utilized Mendelian randomization analysis to explore the causal relationships among cardiovascular proteins, risk factors, and DN. Using cis-protein quantitative trait loci (cis-pQTL) data for 90 cardiovascular proteins, we identified C-X3-C motif chemokine ligand 1 (CX3CL1) and colony-stimulating factor-1 (CSF-1) as potential therapeutic targets for DN. CX3CL1 was found to increase DN risk through mechanisms involving body mass index, fasting insulin, and hypertension. Conversely, CSF-1 appeared to protect against DN by reducing the number of monocytes expressing high levels of human leukocyte antigen. Additionally, targeting CX3CL1 could lower the risk of DN as well as other conditions, including acute renal injury, pituitary disorders, and necrotizing vasculopathies. These results highlight CX3CL1 and CSF-1 as promising novel therapeutic targets for DN.