Abstract
Metastatic cancer presents with many, sometimes hundreds of metastatic lesions through the body, which often respond heterogeneously to treatment. Therefore, lesion-level assessment is necessary for a complete understanding of disease response. Lesion-level assessment typically requires manual matching of corresponding lesions, which is a tedious, subjective, and error-prone task. This study introduces a fully automated algorithm for matching of metastatic lesions in longitudinal medical images. The algorithm entails four steps: (1) image registration, (2) lesion dilation, (3) lesion clustering, and (4) linear assignment. In step (1), 3D deformable registration is used to register the scans. In step (2), lesion contours are conformally dilated. In step (3), lesion clustering is evaluated based on local metrics. In step (4), matching is assigned based on non-greedy cost minimization. The algorithm was optimized (e.g. choice of deformable registration algorithm, dilatation size) and validated on 140 scan-pairs of 32 metastatic cancer patients from two independent clinical trials, who received longitudinal PET/CT scans as part of their treatment response assessment. Registration error was evaluated using landmark distance. A sensitivity study was performed to evaluate the optimal lesion dilation magnitude. Lesion matching performance accuracy was evaluated for all patients and for a subset with high disease burden. Two investigated deformable registration approaches (whole body deformable and articulated deformable registrations) led to similar performance with the overall registration accuracy between 2.3 and 2.6 mm. The optimal dilation magnitude of 25 mm yielded almost a perfect matching accuracy of 0.98. No significant matching accuracy decrease was observed in the subset of patients with high lesion disease burden. In summary, lesion matching using our new algorithm was highly accurate and a significant improvement, when compared to previously established methods. The proposed method enables accurate automated metastatic lesion matching in whole-body longitudinal scans.