Abstract
Colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R) is a specific biomarker for microglia. In this study, we developed a novel PET radioligand for CSF1R, (11)C-GW2580, and compared it to a reported CSF1R tracer, (11)C-CPPC, in mouse models of acute and chronic neuroinflammation and a rhesus monkey. Dynamic (11)C-GW2580- and (11)C-CPPC-PET images were quantified by reference tissue-based models and standardized uptake value ratio. Both tracers exhibited increased uptake in the lesioned striata of lipopolysaccharide-injected mice and in the forebrains of App(NL-G-F/NL-G-F)-knock-in mice, spatially in agreement with an increased 18-kDa translocator protein radioligand retention. Moreover, (11)C-GW2580 captured changes in CSF1R availability more sensitively than (11)C-CPPC, with a larger dynamic range and a smaller inter-individual variability, in these model animals. PET imaging of CSF1R in a rhesus monkey displayed moderate-to-high tracer retention in the brain at baseline. Homologous blocker (i. e. unlabeled tracer) treatment reduced the uptake of (11)C-GW2580 by ∼30% in all examined brain regions except for centrum semi-ovale white matter, but did not affect the retention of (11)C-CPPC. In summary, our results demonstrated that (11)C-GW2580-PET captured inflammatory microgliosis in the mouse brain with higher sensitivity than a reported radioligand, and displayed saturable binding in the monkey brain, potentially providing an imaging-based quantitative biomarker for reactive microgliosis.