Abstract
BACKGROUND: Activated hepatic stellate cells (aHSCs) are the major source of cancer-associated fibroblasts in the liver. Although the crosstalk between aHSCs and colorectal cancer (CRC) cells supports liver metastasis (LM), the mechanisms are largely unknown. AIM: To explore the role of BMI-1, a polycomb group protein family member, which is highly expressed in LM, and the interaction between aHSCs and CRC cells in promoting CRC liver metastasis (CRLM). METHODS: Immunohistochemistry was carried out to examine BMI-1 expression in LM and matched liver specimens of CRC. The expression levels of BMI-1 in mouse liver during CRLM (0, 7, 14, 21, and 28 d) were detected by Western blotting (WB) and the quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assay. We overexpressed BMI-1 in HSCs (LX2) by lentivirus infection and tested the molecular markers of aHSCs by WB, qPCR, and the immunofluorescence assay. CRC cells (HCT116 and DLD1) were cultured in HSC-conditioned medium (LX2 NC CM or LX2 BMI-1 CM). CM-induced CRC cell proliferation, migration, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) phenotype, and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β)/SMAD pathway changes were investigated in vitro. A mouse subcutaneous xenotransplantation tumor model was established by co-implantation of HSCs (LX2 NC or LX2 BMI-1) and CRC cells to investigate the effects of HSCs on tumor growth and the EMT phenotype in vivo. RESULTS: Positive of BMI-1 expression in the liver of CRLM patients was 77.8%. The expression level of BMI-1 continued to increase during CRLM in mouse liver cells. LX2 overexpressed BMI-1 was activated, accompanied by increased expression level of alpha smooth muscle actin, fibronectin, TGF-β1, matrix metalloproteinases, and interleukin 6. CRC cells cultured in BMI-1 CM exhibited enhanced proliferation and migration ability, EMT phenotype and activation of the TGF-β/SMAD pathway. In addition, the TGF-βR inhibitor SB-505124 diminished the effect of BMI-1 CM on SMAD2/3 phosphorylation in CRC cells. Furthermore, BMI-1 overexpressed LX2 HSCs promoted tumor growth and the EMT phenotype in vivo. CONCLUSION: High expression of BMI-1 in liver cells is associated with CRLM progression. BMI-1 activates HSCs to secrete factors to form a prometastatic environment in the liver, and aHSCs promote proliferation, migration, and the EMT in CRC cells partially through the TGF-β/SMAD pathway.