Abstract
BACKGROUND: Botrytis cinerea is a broad-host-range pathogen causing gray mold disease and significant yield losses of numerous crops. However, the mechanisms underlying its rapid invasion and efficient killing of plant cells remain unclear. RESULTS: In this study, we elucidated the dynamics of B. cinerea infection in Arabidopsis thaliana by live cell imaging and dual RNA sequencing. We found extensive transcriptional reprogramming events in both the pathogen and the host, which involved metabolic pathways, signaling cascades, and transcriptional regulation. For the pathogen, we identified 591 candidate effector proteins (CEPs) and comprehensively analyzed their co-expression, sequence similarity, and structural conservation. The results revealed temporal co-regulation patterns of these CEPs, indicating coordinated deployment of effectors during B. cinerea infection. Through functional screening of 48 selected CEPs in Nicotiana benthamiana, we identified 11 cell death-inducing proteins (CDIPs) in B. cinerea. CONCLUSIONS: The findings provide important insights into the transcriptional dynamics and effector biology driving B. cinerea pathogenesis. The rapid infection of this pathogen involves the temporal co-regulation of CEPs and the prominent role of CDIPs in host cell death. This work highlights significant changes in gene expression associated with gray mold disease, underscoring the importance of a diverse repertoire of effectors crucial for successful infection.