Abstract
The World Health Organization developed the Tricycle surveillance programme to obtain a global picture of antimicrobial resistance, especially in countries with limited surveillance capacity. The programme was developed within a One Health perspective. Tricycle provides a framework for applying a standardized technical protocol to determining the prevalence of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli in three sectors: the human, animal and environment sectors. Regular use of the protocol would enable information to be obtained on time trends and on inter- and intraregional variations, thereby generating dynamic data on antibacterial resistance for decision-makers. To date, 19 countries have begun implementing the Tricycle protocol, while other countries will start implementation in the coming years. The Network for Enhancing Tricycle ESBL Surveillance Efficiency (NETESE) was established to support countries implementing the Tricycle protocol. Currently, NETESE includes representatives from 15 institutions in eight low- or middle-income countries at different stages of Tricycle protocol implementation, and from four European countries involved in devising the protocol. This paper describes the Tricycle protocol, reports the initial experiences of NETESE participants with its implementation and discusses future challenges and opportunities.