Abstract
Multiple pathogens, including viruses and bacteria, manipulate endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD) to avoid the host immune response and promote their replication. The betaretrovirus mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) encodes Rem, which is a precursor protein that is cleaved into a 98-amino-acid signal peptide (SP) and a C-terminal protein (Rem-CT). SP uses retrotranslocation for ER membrane extraction and yet avoids ERAD by an unknown mechanism to enter the nucleus and function as a Rev-like protein. To determine how SP escapes ERAD, we used a ubiquitin-activated interaction trap (UBAIT) screen to trap and identify transient protein interactions with SP, including the ERAD-associated p97 ATPase, but not E3 ligases or Derlin proteins linked to retrotranslocation, polyubiquitylation, and proteasomal degradation of extracted proteins. A dominant negative p97 ATPase inhibited both Rem and SP function. Immunoprecipitation experiments indicated that Rem, but not SP, is polyubiquitylated. Using both yeast and mammalian expression systems, linkage of a ubiquitin-like domain (UbL) to SP or Rem induced degradation by the proteasome, whereas SP was stable in the absence of the UbL. ERAD-associated Derlin proteins were not required for SP activity. Together, these results suggested that Rem uses a novel p97-dependent, Derlin-independent retrotranslocation mechanism distinct from other pathogens to avoid SP ubiquitylation and proteasomal degradation.IMPORTANCE Bacterial and viral infections produce pathogen-specific proteins that interfere with host functions, including the immune response. Mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) is a model system for studies of human complex retroviruses, such as HIV-1, as well as cancer induction. We have shown that MMTV encodes a regulatory protein, Rem, which is cleaved into an N-terminal signal peptide (SP) and a C-terminal protein (Rem-CT) within the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane. SP function requires ER membrane extraction by retrotranslocation, which is part of a protein quality control system known as ER-associated degradation (ERAD) that is essential to cellular health. Through poorly understood mechanisms, certain pathogen-derived proteins are retrotranslocated but not degraded. We demonstrate here that MMTV SP retrotranslocation from the ER membrane avoids degradation through a unique process involving interaction with cellular p97 ATPase and failure to acquire cellular proteasome-targeting sequences.