To a certain extent, the development and vaccination of COVID-19 vaccine have reduced the alarming rate of transmission speed and mortality rate. At present, vaccine coverage is quite high in countries around the world. Since individual differences are unavoidable, it is necessary to assess the efficacy of the vaccine in each vaccinated person in order to reflect the protective effect of the vaccine in different populations. In this study, we developed a novel COVID-19 neutralizing antibody detection kit combining lateral flow immunochromatography and novel quantum dot technology with 85.23% sensitivity, 92.50% specificity. The novel QD-ICA could achieve an accurate detection of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies with 10 minutes, two steps, small equipment size, and broad testing application, suggesting its capability to assess vaccine effectiveness on a large scale in areas of world that currently affected by the pandemic.