Abstract
BACKGROUND: Among pathogens associated with mammals, numerous viruses with a direct transmission route impact human, domestic and wild species health. Host and landscape factors affect viral infection and transmission dynamics of these viruses, along with barriers to host dispersal and gene exchange. However, studies show biases toward certain locations, hosts and detected pathogens, with regional variations in similar host-virus associations. METHODS: Using a systematic review, in two electronic repositories for articles published until December 2022, we analysed the available information on host- and landscape-associated factors influencing the infection and transmission of directly transmitted viruses in mammals. RESULTS: In the analysis, about 50% of papers examined either host traits, landscape composition or configuration measures, while approximately 24% combined host and landscape-associated factors. Additionally, approximately 17% of the articles included climatic data and 30% integrated factors related to anthropogenic impact, as these variables have a role in host density, distribution and virus persistence. The most significant and frequent host traits used as predictor variables were sex, age, body weight, host density and species identity. Land cover was the most evaluated landscape attribute, while some explored configuration variables like edge density and fragmentation indexes. Finally, temperature, precipitation and features such as human population density and human footprint index were also typically measured and found impactful. CONCLUSION: Given the many contributions host- and landscape-related factors have in pathogen dynamics, this systematic study contributes to a better knowledge of host-virus dynamics and the identification of variables and gaps that can be used for disease prevention.