Abstract
Stimuli-responsive compounds that provide on-site, controlled antimicrobial activity promise an effective approach to prevent infections, reducing the need for systemic antibiotics. We present a novel pH-sensitive quaternary pyridinium salt (QPS), whose antibacterial activity is boosted by low pH and controlled by adjusting the pH between 4 and 8. Particularly, this compound selectively inhibits growth of acid-producing bacteria within a multispecies community. The successful antibacterial action of this QPS maintains the environmental pH above 5.5, a threshold pH, below which demineralization/erosion takes place. The design, synthesis, and characterization of this QPS and its short-chain analogue are discussed. In addition, their pH-sensitive physicochemical properties in aqueous and organic solutions are evaluated by UV-vis spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, and NMR spectroscopy. Furthermore, the mechanism of action reveals a switchable assembly that is triggered by acid-base interaction and formed by tightly stacked π-conjugated systems and base moieties. Finally, a model is proposed to recognize the correlated but different mechanisms of pH sensitivity and acid-induced, pH-controlled antibacterial efficacy. We anticipate that successful application of these QPSs and their derivatives will provide protections against infection and erosion through targeted treatments to acid-producing bacteria and modulation of environmental pH.