Abstract
Nitrification is a common issue observed in chloraminated drinking water distribution systems, resulting in the undesirable loss of monochloramine (NH(2)Cl) residual. The decay of monochloramine releases ammonia (NH(3)), which is converted to nitrite (NO(2)(-)) and nitrate (NO(3)(-)) through a biological oxidation process. During the course of monochloramine decay and the production of nitrite and nitrate, the spectral fingerprint is observed to change within the wavelength region sensitive to these species. In addition, chloraminated drinking water will contain natural organic matter (NOM), which also has a spectral fingerprint. To assess the nitrification status, the combined nitrate and nitrite absorbance fingerprint was isolated from the total spectra. A novel method is proposed here to isolate their spectra and estimate their combined concentration. The spectral fingerprint of pure monochloramine solution at different concentrations indicated that the absorbance difference between two concentrations at a specific wavelength can be related to other wavelengths by a linear function. It is assumed that the absorbance reduction in drinking water spectra due to monochloramine decay will follow a similar pattern as in ultrapure water. Based on this criteria, combined nitrate and nitrite spectra were isolated from the total spectrum. A machine learning model was developed using the support vector regression (SVR) algorithm to relate the spectral features of pure nitrate and nitrite with their concentrations. The model was used to predict the combined nitrate and nitrite concentration for a number of test samples. Out of these samples, the nitrified sample showed an increasing trend of combined nitrate and nitrite productions. The predicted values were matched with the observed concentrations, and the level of precision by the method was ± 0.01 mg-N L(-1). This method can be implemented in chloraminated distribution systems to monitor and manage nitrification.