Abstract
In this study, changes in air quality by NO(2), O(3), and PM(10) in Barcelona metropolitan area and other parts of Catalonia during the COVID-19 lockdown with respect to pre-lockdown and to previous years (2018 and 2019) were evaluated. Selected air monitoring stations included 3 urban (Gràcia, Vall d'Hebron, and Granollers), 1 control site (Fabra Observatory), 1 semi-urban (Manlleu), and 3 rural (Begur, Bellver de Cerdanya, and Juneda). NO(2) lockdown levels showed a diminution, which in relative terms was maximum in two rural stations (Bellver de Cerdanya, - 63% and Begur, - 61%), presumably due to lower emissions from the ceasing hotel and ski resort activities during eastern holidays. In absolute terms and from an epidemiologic perspective, decrease in NO(2), also reinforced by the high amount of rainfall registered in April 2020, was more relevant in the urban stations around Barcelona. O(3) levels increased in the transited urban stations (Gràcia, + 42%, and Granollers, + 64%) due to the lower titration effect by NO(x). PM(10) lockdown levels decreased, mostly in Gràcia, Vall d'Hebron, and Granollers (- 35, - 39%, and - 39%, respectively) due to traffic depletion (- 90% in Barcelona's transport). Correlation among mobility index in Barcelona (- 100% in retail and recreation) and contamination was positive for NO(2) and PM(10) and negative for O(3) (P < 0.001). Satellite images evidenced two hotspots of NO(2) in Spain (Madrid and Barcelona) in April 2018 and 2019 that disappeared in 2020. Overall, the benefits of lockdown on air quality in Catalonia were evidenced with NO(2), O(3) and PM(10) levels below WHOAQG values in most of stations opposed to the excess registered in previous years.