Abstract
Ebola virus (EBOV) infection is threatening human health, especially in Central and West Africa. Limited clinical trials and the requirement of biosafety level-4 (BSL-4) laboratories hinders experimental work to advance our understanding of EBOV and evaluation of treatment. In this work, we use a computational model to study the assembly and budding process of EBOV and evaluate the effect of fendiline on these processes. Our results indicate that the assembly of VP40 filaments may follow the nucleation-elongation theory, as it is critical to maintain a pool of VP40 dimer for the maturation and production of virus-like particles (VLPs). We further find that the nucleation-elongation process can also be influenced by phosphatidylserine (PS), which can complicate the efficacy of fendiline, a drug that lowers cellular PS levels. We observe that fendiline may increase VLP production at earlier time points (24 h) and under low concentrations (≤ 2 μM). But this effect is transient and does not change the conclusion that fendiline generally decreases VLP production. We also conclude that fendiline can be more efficient at the stage of VLP budding relative to earlier phases. Combination therapy with a VLP budding step-targeted drug may further increase the treatment efficiency of fendiline. Finally, we also show that fendiline has higher efficacy when VP40 expression is high. While these are single-cell level results based on the VP40 system, it points out a potential way of fendiline application affecting EBOV assembly, which can be further tested in experimental studies with multiple EBOV proteins or live virus.