Abstract
Music is deeply rooted in the human experience as well as a fundamental part of psychedelic-assisted therapies (PAT) and entheogenic ceremonies. Although a large body of research exists highlighting the importance of music from rehabilitative, psychological, neurobiological, anthropological, religious, and sociological contexts, there is limited scientific literature regarding the specific relevance of music in PAT and indigenous entheogenic ritual as a means of enhancing clinical outcomes. As demand for mental health services continues to grow and awareness of the medicinal benefits of psychedelic substances to treat mental and neurological conditions increases, a new wave of interest has emerged to support the development of care models, including how music is used during PAT. Music is a reliable cornerstone in therapeutic and ritualistic spaces using psychedelics, however there is still an immense opportunity to cultivate PAT models with interdisciplinary, evidence-informed perspectives and thoughtful analysis of music use in treatment. To contribute to this development, this review evaluates neuroscientific, psychological, and anthropological research on the neural and cognitive underpinnings of music as well as music use with psychedelics both in modern research settings and indigenous entheogenic ceremonies. In addition, personalized approaches to music protocols in PAT, how music use in traditional rituals may help inform best practices, and the need for researchers to specify music protocols in treatment models are detailed. Consideration of carefully respecting the bridging of indigenous practices and current medical models is discussed to highlight areas for future development.