Abstract
This systematic review assessed the prevalence of transmitted and acquired HIV drug resistance (HIVDR) and the associated risk factors in Mozambique. A search of the PubMed, Cochrane, B-On, and Scopus databases up to December 2023 was conducted and included 11 studies with 1118 HIV-1 pol sequences. Drug resistance mutations (DRMs) to NNRTIs were found in 13% of the drug-naive individuals and 31% of those on ART, while NRTI resistance occurred in 5% and 10%, respectively. Dual-class resistance (NNRTI + NRTI) was detected in 2% of the drug-naive and 8% of ART-experienced individuals. DRMs to protease inhibitors (PIs) were found in 2% of the drug-naive and 5% of ART-experienced individuals. The rate of DRMs was significantly higher in Beira than in Maputo, as well as in pediatric patients than in adults and pregnant women. Subtype C predominated (94%) and was associated with lower viral loads and DRM rates as compared to the other subtypes. The high prevalence of DRMs, particularly to NNRTIs and NRTIs, highlights the need for ongoing surveillance and targeted interventions. These findings are critical for optimizing ART regimens and informing public health strategies in Mozambique, with particular attention to regions such as Beira and vulnerable populations such as pediatric patients.