Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To develop and validate a model integrating dual-layer detector spectral computed tomography (DLCT) three-dimensional (3D) volume of interest (VOI)-based quantitative parameters and clinical features for predicting Ki-67 proliferation index (PI) in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 162 patients with histopathologically confirmed PDAC who underwent DLCT examination were included and allocated to the training (114) and validation (48) sets. 3D VOI-iodine concentration (IC), 3D VOI-slope of the spectral attenuation curves, and 3D VOI-effective atomic number were obtained from the portal venous phase. The significant clinical features and DLCT quantitative parameters were identified through univariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression. The discrimination capability and clinical applicability of the clinical, DLCT, and DLCT-clinical models were quantified by the Receiver Operating Characteristic curve (ROC) and Decision Curve Analysis (DCA), respectively. The optimal model was then used to develop a nomogram, with the goodness-of-fit evaluated through the calibration curve. RESULTS: The DLCT-clinical model demonstrated superior predictive capability and a satisfactory net benefit for Ki-67 PI in PDAC compared to the clinical and DLCT models. The DLCT-clinical model integrating 3D VOI-IC and CA125 showed area under the ROC curves of 0.939 (95% CI, 0.895-0.982) and 0.915 (95% CI, 0.834-0.996) in the training and validation sets, respectively. The nomogram derived from the DLCT-clinical model exhibited favorable calibration, as depicted by the calibration curve. CONCLUSIONS: The proposed model based on DLCT 3D VOI-IC and CA125 is a non-invasive and effective preoperative prediction tool demonstrating favorable predictive performance for Ki-67 PI in PDAC. CRITICAL RELEVANCE STATEMENT: The dual-layer detector spectral computed tomography-clinical model could help predict high Ki-67 PI in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma patients, which may help clinicians provide appropriate and individualized treatments. KEY POINTS: Dual-layer detector spectral CT (DLCT) could predict Ki-67 in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). The DLCT-clinical model improved the differential diagnosis of Ki-67. The nomogram showed satisfactory calibration and net benefit for discriminating Ki-67.