Abstract
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a validated therapeutic target for triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). In the present study, we synthesize novel adamantanyl-based thiadiazolyl pyrazoles by introducing the adamantane ring to thiazolopyrazoline. On the basis of loss of cell viability in TNBC cells, 4-(adamantan-1-yl)-2-(3-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-5-phenyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)thiazole (APP) was identified as a lead compound. Using a Parzen-Rosenblatt Window classifier, APP was predicted to target the EGFR protein, and the same was confirmed by surface plasmon resonance. Further analysis revealed that APP suppressed the phosphorylation of EGFR at Y992, Y1045, Y1068, Y1086, Y1148, and Y1173 in TNBC cells. APP also inhibited the phosphorylation of ERK at Y204 and of STAT3 at Y705, implying that APP downregulates the activity of EGFR downstream effectors. Small interfering RNA mediated depletion of EGFR expression prevented the effect of APP in BT549 and MDA-MB-231 cells, indicating that APP specifically targets the EGFR. Furthermore, APP modulated the expression of the proteins involved in cell proliferation and survival. In addition, APP altered the expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition related proteins and suppressed the invasion of TNBC cells. Hence, we report a novel and specific inhibitor of the EGFR signaling cascade.