Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) arises in a nutrient-deprived microenvironment through progressive stages from pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN) to invasive carcinoma. While serine metabolism supports tumor growth across multiple cancer types, the stage-specific role of de novo serine synthesis in PDAC evolution remains undefined. Here, we show that expression of phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (PHGDH), the rate-limiting enzyme of serine biosynthesis, increases progressively from PanIN to invasive PDAC in human and mouse specimens. Using genetically engineered mouse models with inducible PHGDH knockdown, we found that PHGDH loss delayed PDAC development. Unexpectedly, PHGDH-deficient tumors did not increase reliance on exogenous serine, and dietary serine/glycine manipulation had no effect on tumor development. Instead, stable isotope tracing and metabolomic profiling revealed that PHGDH loss suppressed mTOR signaling, reduced expression of the glutamine transporter ASCT2, and impaired glutamine uptake and utilization. Leveraging this metabolic liability, we demonstrated that PHGDH-deficient tumors exhibited selective sensitivity to the glutamine antagonist DRP-104, whereas PHGDH-intact tumors were resistant. These findings reveal an unanticipated connection between serine biosynthesis and glutamine metabolism in PDAC and identify a therapeutic vulnerability that may be exploited through combined metabolic targeting.