Abstract
Purpose.Electronic portal image devices (EPIDs) have been investigated previously for beams-eye view (BEV) applications such as tumor tracking but are limited by low contrast-to-noise ratio and detective quantum efficiency. A novel multilayer imager (MLI), consisting of four stacked flat-panels was used to measure improvements in fiducial tracking during liver stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) procedures compared to a single layer EPID.Methods.The prototype MLI was installed on a clinical TrueBeam linac in place of the conventional DMI single-layer EPID. The panel was extended during volumetric modulated arc therapy SBRT treatments in order to passively acquire data during therapy. Images were acquired for six patients receiving SBRT to liver metastases over two fractions each, one with the MLI using all 4 layers and one with the MLI using the top layer only, representing a standard EPID. The acquired frames were processed by a previously published tracking algorithm modified to identify implanted radiopaque fiducials. Truth data was determined using respiratory traces combined with partial manual tracking. Results for 4- and 1-layer mode were compared against truth data for tracking accuracy and efficiency. Tracking and noise improvements as a function of gantry angle were determined.Results. Tracking efficiency with 4-layers improved to 82.8% versus 58.4% for the 1-layer mode, a relative improvement of 41.7%. Fiducial tracking with 1-layer returned a root mean square error (RMSE) of 2.1 mm compared to 4-layer RMSE of 1.5 mm, a statistically significant (p < 0.001) improvement of 0.6 mm. The reduction in noise correlated with an increase in successfully tracked frames (r = 0.913) and with increased tracking accuracy (0.927).Conclusion. Increases in MV photon detection efficiency by utilization of a MLI results in improved fiducial tracking for liver SBRT treatments. Future clinical applications utilizing BEV imaging may be enhanced by including similar noise reduction strategies.