Abstract
Objective. Speed of sound has previously been demonstrated to correlate with fat concentration in the liver. However, estimating speed of sound in the liver noninvasively can be biased by the speed of sound of the tissue layers overlying the liver. Here, we demonstrate a noninvasive local speed of sound estimator, which is based on a layered media assumption, that can accurately capture the speed of sound in the liver. We validate the estimator using an obese Zucker rat model of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and correlate the local speed of sound with liver steatosis.Approach.We estimated the local and global average speed of sound noninvasively in 4 lean Zucker rats fed a normal diet and 16 obese Zucker rats fed a high fat diet for up to 8 weeks. The ground truth speed of sound and fat concentration were measured from the excised liver using established techniques.Main Results. The noninvasive, local speed of sound estimates of the livers were similar in value to their corresponding 'ground truth' measurements, having a slope ± standard error of the regression of 0.82 ± 0.15 (R(2)= 0.74 andp< 0.001). Measurement of the noninvasive global average speed of sound did not reliably capture the 'ground truth' speed of sound in the liver, having a slope of 0.35 ± 0.07 (R(2)= 0.74 andp< 0.001). Decreasing local speed of sound was observed with increasing hepatic fat accumulation (approximately -1.7 m s(-1)per 1% increase in hepatic fat) and histopathology steatosis grading (approximately -10 to -13 m s(-1)per unit increase in steatosis grade). Local speed of sound estimates were highly correlated with steatosis grade, having Pearson and Spearman correlation coefficients both ranging from -0.87 to -0.78. In addition, a lobe-dependent speed of sound in the liver was observed by theex vivomeasurements, with speed of sound differences of up to 25 m s(-1)(p< 0.003) observed between lobes in the liver of the same animal.Significance.The findings of this study suggest that local speed of sound estimation has the potential to be used to predict or assist in the measurement of hepatic fat concentration and that the global average speed of sound should be avoided in hepatic fat estimation due to significant bias in the speed of sound estimate.