Abstract
The management of the medfly, Ceratitis capitata, in Spanish citrus crops relies mainly on the use of insecticides and the release of sterile males. However, the development of resistance to different insecticides in field populations, including lambda-cyhalothrin, implies a threat for the sustainable control of this pest. The inheritance, fitness cost, and management of lambda-cyhalothrin resistance were examined in the laboratory-selected W-1Kλ strain. We have demonstrated that lambda-cyhalothrin resistance in W-1Kλ is autosomic, completely dominant, and polygenic. In addition, individuals from W-1Kλ showed a lower embryo to pupal viability, a slower developmental time from egg to pupae, and an increase in adults' weight and longevity. We did not find significant trade-offs in the activity of digestive hydrolytic enzymes, with the exception of higher α-amylase activity in W-1Kλ females. A comparative study with different insecticide treatment strategies showed that lambda-cyhalothrin resistance increased when several consecutive treatments with this insecticide were applied. However, the alternation of this insecticide with spinosad was enough to delay the development of resistance. Our results indicate that the rotation of lambda-cyhalothrin with spinosad-a practice already used in some fields-may contribute to prevent the development of resistance.