Abstract
The modified Escherichia coli biotin ligase BirA* was the first developed for proximity labeling of proteins (BioID). However, it has low activity at temperatures below 37°C, which reduces its effectiveness in organisms growing at lower temperatures, such as budding yeast. Multiple derivatives of the enzymes have been engineered, but a thorough comparison of these variations of biotin ligases and the development of versatile tools for conducting these experiments in Saccharomyces cerevisiae would benefit the community. Here, we designed a suite of vectors to compare the activities of biotin ligase enzymes in yeast. We found that the newer TurboID versions were the most effective at labeling proteins, but they displayed low constitutive labeling of proteins even in the absence of exogenous biotin, due to biotin contained in the culture medium. We describe a simple strategy to express free BioID enzymes in cells that can be used as an appropriate control in BioID studies to account for the promiscuous labeling of proteins caused by random interactions between bait-BioID enzymes in cells. We also describe chemically induced BioID systems exploiting the rapamycin-stabilized FRB-FKBP interaction. Finally, we used the TurboID version of the enzyme to explore the interactome of different subunits of the Ccr4-Not gene regulatory complex. We find that Ccr4-Not predominantly labeled cytoplasmic mRNA regulators, consistent with its function in mRNA decay and translation quality control in this cell compartment.