Abstract
Barth's syndrome (BTHS) is an X-linked mitochondrial disease that is due to a mutation in the Tafazzin (TAZ) gene. Based on sequence homology, TAZ has been characterized as an acyltransferase involved in the metabolism of cardiolipin (CL), a unique phospholipid almost exclusively located in the mitochondrial inner membrane. Yeast, Drosophila, and zebrafish models have been invaluable in elucidating the role of TAZ in BTHS, but until recently a mammalian model to study the disease has been lacking. Based on in vitro evidence of RNA-mediated TAZ depletion, an inducible short hairpin RNA (shRNA)-mediated TAZ knockdown (TAZKD) mouse model has been developed (TaconicArtemis GmbH, Cologne, Germany), and herein we describe the assessment of this mouse line as a model of BTHS. Upon induction of the TAZ-specific shRNA in vivo, transgenic mouse TAZ mRNA levels were reduced by >89% in cardiac and skeletal muscle. TAZ deficiency led to the absence of tetralineoyl-CL and accumulation of monolyso-CL in cardiac muscle. Furthermore, mitochondrial morphology from cardiac and skeletal muscle was altered. Skeletal muscle mitochondria demonstrated disrupted cristae, and cardiac mitochondria were significantly enlarged and displace neighboring myofibrils. Physiological measurements demonstrated a reduction in isometric contractile strength of the soleus and a reduction in cardiac left ventricular ejection fraction of TAZKD mice compared with control animals. Therefore, the inducible TAZ-deficient model exhibits some of the molecular and clinical characteristics of BTHS patients and may ultimately help to improve our understanding of BTHS-related cardioskeletal myopathy as well as serve as an important tool in developing therapeutic strategies for BTHS.