Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance can arise in the natural environment via prolonged exposure to the effluent released by manufacturing facilities. In addition to antibiotics, pharmaceutical plants also produce non-antibiotic pharmaceuticals, both the active ingredients and other components of the formulations. The effect of these on the surrounding microbial communities is less clear. We aimed to assess whether non-antibiotic pharmaceuticals and other compounds produced by pharmaceutical plants have inherent toxicity, and whether long-term exposure might result in significant genetic changes or select for cross-resistance to antibiotics. To this end, we screened four non-antibiotic pharmaceuticals (acetaminophen, ibuprofen, propranolol, metformin) and titanium dioxide for toxicity against Escherichia coli K-12 MG1655 and conducted a 30 day selection experiment to assess the effect of long-term exposure. All compounds reduced the maximum optical density reached by E. coli at a range of concentrations including one of environmental relevance, with transcriptome analysis identifying upregulated genes related to stress response and multidrug efflux in response ibuprofen treatment. The compounds did not select for significant genetic changes following a 30 day exposure, and no evidence of selection for cross-resistance to antibiotics was observed for population evolved in the presence of ibuprofen in spite of the differential gene expression after exposure to this compound. This work suggests that these compounds, at environmental concentrations, do not select for cross-resistance to antibiotics in E. coli.